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Example glossary

We created this blog as an initiative of Professor of Global Economic Geography course; in is intended to motivate students in History and Geography Education and others to understand in a more didactic what are the "economic clusters" theories that provide Christaller, and Lösch Von Thunen, and different areas have been promoted economic clusters, as a way of teaching and learning through ICT.

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. Goods: Are all those goods produced by and for society in the territory of the country or directly imported to satisfy a need as food, beverages, housing, personal services, furniture, clothing, decoration, etc. Any merchandise that meets a need of consumers. These goods are the opposite of productive assets or capital, which are used to produce other goods. ( http://www.definicion.org/bienes-de-consumo ).

Demand Amount of goods and services that operators are willing and able to buy at a given price within a specified period. In theory, demand and supply are the two basic components that determine the price of goods and services. Desire of any person to acquire an economic good or service. ( http://www.definicion.org/demanda ).

Company: Unit producing homogeneous goods and services for which organizes and combines the use of factors of production. Existing organization own appropriate means to achieve a particular economic order. Company or corporation, formed for the purpose of producing goods and services for sale in the mercado.f. Action starts with difficult to value. Home or commercial company to undertake major projects. Or design work carried out by several people. Entity that raises capital and social producir.Grupo job to do that through the administration of capital and labor produce goods and / or outstanding service to meet the needs of comunidad.Entidad composed of labor and capital as factors of production, and dedicated to industrial, commercial or services for profit. ( http://www.definicion.org/empresa ).

Isotropic Space: The space that has the same characteristics in all directions from any point. ( http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Espacio_is% C3% B3tropo ).

Offer Amount of goods and services available for sale and that the bidders are willing to supply to consumers at a price and time. ( http://www.definicion.org/oferta ).

Price Amount of money that buyers are willing to pay for unbias and that the offeror considers appropriate for it. ( http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:jMWVgctqodUJ:www.uv.es/cim/pyp-dem / descarga/tema001a.pdf + definition + price & hl = en & ct = clnk & cd = 10 & gl = mx )

Market: Any place that has as its object bringing together buyers and sellers to transact and exchange pricing.
m. Gathering place for merchants to sell their wares. Public place where they bought and sold.
( http://www.definicion.org/mercado )

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Cluster forest industry in Finland

An example of a productive complex (cluster) mature, we examine the cluster around the forest industry in Finland (Rouvinen, 1996). This cluster is complete and deep (Figure 1), accounting for 25% of Finland's exports (over U.S. $ 5,000 million) 5. An examination of Figure 1 reveals that the cluster is formed around a business with a strong natural comparative advantage. In the Finnish case it counts: i) with ample reserves and forest plantations, the order of 400-600 cubic meters per capita, compared with 25-50 in the rest of the world, ii) Finnish forests are near the sea, which reduces transportation costs, and iii) forests are close to a major international market like Europe. On the other hand, unlike many of the forests of Latin America, the northern forests have a little sun, so they grow much more slowly than those of Latin America (up to 80 years compared with 15-20 here).
The multiple and important linkages with other activities that form the cluster can add much value to the extractive phase. There are important forward linkages with sophisticated processed products in four areas: i) lumber (where Finland has 40% of global timber market third); ii) timber products for construction and furniture; iii) pulp and paper, and iv) cardboard and all paper, newspapers, wrappers, toilet paper and graph paper (in the latter Finland has 25 % of world market). There
backward linkages in at least three areas of importance: i) inputs for the planting and processing stages, such as chemicals and biological agents, fillers and bleach
ii) any machinery for planting phases , harvesting, processing and papermaking
iii) engineering and consulting services, and iv) very important, programs
academics specializing in the forestry industry and biogenetic research institutes, chemical and forestry, all closely linked to the production system. In fact, the complex contains a major Finnish forest industry equipment and machinery for all phases of activities, as well as engineering and consulting services. Moreover, much of the current Finnish engineering industry linked to the forestry sector emerged and gradually became more diversified into other activities. In other words, the complex is increasingly raising the share of value added by activities that use more complex and more expertise.


Valencia Textile Cluster (Spain)

The textile sector is one of the most important of the English economy, occupying an important position within the structure of domestic manufacturing, representing 10% of industrial employment and 12.4 % of English industrial GDP. The business structure of the sector is mainly composed of SMEs, with the following features: • Small business
export

• Poor academic and business
• Low technological base
• Lack of funding versus productivity
• Control


The Clus- Textiles b Valencia is characterized by the large number of companies engaged in the textile sector, the importance of exports in foreign trade, etc.

textile Within this cluster, there are three microclusters: technical textiles, home textiles and apparel. This section focuses on the Textile-Home microcluster. In this microcluster s can be framed on the one hand, tissues with a generally industrial area of \u200b\u200buse and do not represent an item that can be used by the end user, necessitating the passage of it by an agent that will give some way to end use (furniture, curtains, etc.), and other tissues whose scope of use is usually housing. It is, therefore, textile products are generally used in the interior decoration of the rooms of the home as well as to supplement furnishing products, bed and windows, even those destined for the kitchen and bathroom, etc.

Among the various agents that make up this microcluster under review, sets out a series of relationships, which result in the creation and dissemination of new knowledge, which ultimately leads to increased competitiveness of the companies that comprise it, and microcluster itself as a whole.


http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0250-71612007000100007&lng=pt&nrm =

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Examples

Cluster salmon industry

A joint effort between Corfo, the salmon and industries related to the sector has allowed the salmon industry in the regions of Los Lagos and Aysen is one of the clusters that has excelled in recent years, both in Chile and for export sales. Currently this industry represents about 80% of exports in the Tenth Region, 5% of domestic shipments and work on it 45 000 people between direct and indirect employees. Also, there are over 200 suppliers, of which 70% is established in this area. Du last year during the salmon industry had returns of 1,200 billion dollars and ranked as the fourth Chilean export sector.

mining Cluster

In Chile, the source of a cluster mining is favored by the existence of a concentration of large deposits -Especially in the north-important flows of foreign and domestic investment, as well as the existence of a stable legal framework.

The Mining Cluster arises at first as an aspiration of the Antofagasta region, an area where most of the large deposits in Chile. In fact, since 2000, the Cluster was incorporated as one of the strategic guidelines of the Regional Strategy on Development (ERD) of this region.

But the idea that only apply in the Second Region is a concept that has been discussed elsewhere apply in other regions too. The idea is to create a chain between large mining companies and small and medium industry service provider. There are many examples of this in different parts of the world. The idea ultimately is to look for that can generate a greater amount of work and services between each other, and thus the great copper industry to increase its amount of purchase and can generate an additional activity.

A concrete example is Antofagasta-beyond-what happens in the Eighth Region, which is under a copper or gold, but it offers an established infrastructure in the mining world as a provider of professional, technical, research and inputs for mining.

also Cluster development in Chile can find its natural projection neighbors and mining tradition. It is projected that by 2010 America will participate with 55% of copper production. In this context, neighboring countries and with mining potential as Chile, Argentina, Brazil or Peru, looming relevant opportunities for new business development. Taking into account the competitiveness of markets, an effective way of coping is to form integrated blocks that can enhance and complement that shape economies.

http://www.minmineria.cl/pagina.php?seccion_id=98&sub_id=298&cont_id=1128

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national economic region ideal model

August Lösch model produces a spatial economy in imperfect competition in which the space is a fundamental variable. Develops the concept of economic region, through the definition of market area as a series of postulados.Considera this author, as a starting point, a continuous and homogeneous space with uniform costs, and also uniformly distributed population, comprising identical individuals in income and tastes. Producers and consumers respectively maximize benefits and there is a single utilidad.Si producer and decide to sell at a "p" to consumers residing right next to it would have to go up that price, depending on transport costs to be incurred at the time of sale in more geographically remote locations.

If the demand curve that producer price is p ', which corresponds to transport costs (p'-p), the quantity demanded would be zero. Thus, would supply a circular market area of \u200b\u200bradius equal to the distance corresponding to the transport cost equal to (p'-p). If we consider the existence of more producers, the area becomes circular hexagonal described as circular areas represent the existence of small geographical areas not served by any producer. The hexagonal network is inefficient, and exhausting all of the area generated assets other networks servida.Otros hexagonal superimposed on the initial market areas which are of different sizes depending on the variation of the economies of scale in production and transport costs of different bienes.La "ideal economic region," according Lösch, it is the result of spatial concentration according to which all networks have a common production facility
. The spatial concentration of activities is the conclusion arrived at by this author, even if your basic assumption, remember, the even distribution of production factors and the population over all space.

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Lösch von Thünen Income and Land Use Theory

Together with Weber (1909) and Losch (1940), Von Thünen (1826) is another author's pioneering theories of location or economic space. In addition to soil fertility (productivity of land) as a determinant of land rent in the theory of Ricardo, von Thünen introduced transport costs. Under assumptions simples60, Von Thunen shows that products are grown near the towns are
those with lower transport costs, high productivity and high land rents.
As the location of the products away from the center of the city, land rent and land productivity decreases with increasing transportation costs. Consequently, the contribution of Von Thünen's theory of the location lies in explaining the distribution of activities over a geographical space. The explanation of why a set of activities are concentrated in specific locations of the space is not addressed by Von Thünen. Krugman (1995) has termed the centrifugal forces to arguments presented by Von Thünen. Extensions Von Thunen model (1826) are presented by Takayama-Labys (1987) and Goldberg (1970).

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central places of Christaller

tertiary activity tends to occupy central places in space. Walter Christaller developed in Germany (1933), a theory about the distribution and hierarchy of central places in an isotropic space.
According to this theory, a central location would be one that could offer services to certain classes. Each utility will have a minimum claim threshold, needed to be installed. The threshold of demand is therefore the smallest population which should provide a service to achieve a balance between expenditure and income. Each service, and each product will have a different threshold, depending on its price. To calculate this threshold must take into account the product price and transportation costs. The maximum distance or cost of travel, which moves a customer to obtain the product is called a scope, physical reach the market.
If we place a company in one place this will tend to concentrate the population and serve the people of central place and the whole range. If the range is greater than the threshold will have an area not covered by the company, as the population away tend not to travel to purchase this service, unless the accumulation consumption of services, and in this area arise other businesses of this kind, to strike a balance. The area of \u200b\u200bthe reach of a company will have a hexagonal shape, to ensure that service delivery to all isotropic space.
The price of the product determines the threshold required by the company. The higher price the higher the threshold, but also the longer the range. This allows for a hierarchy of central places. The first-order central places are smaller and more numerous, and higher order fewer. Higher order there is only one. Place higher-order central has all the amenities of the lower orders. The central places of higher order services have lower central places. The larger the population is more central.
In the geometric model, the number of central places would always be a multiple of 3, but the transport network makes changes in access and cost of travel, so the number of central places is a multiple of 4. Furthermore, if the border region is the number of central places can be up to a multiple of 7.
Without taking too rigidly to the theory, this is true in reality with a lot more often than one might expect of the irregularity of real space. However, the historical evolution often distort it. The biggest problem does not solve the theory is the influence that population density has on the scope and size threshold. The differences in population density, which supports the theory itself by concentrating the population in central places, can make the scope of a company is always exceed the threshold.