Cluster forest industry in Finland
An example of a productive complex (cluster) mature, we examine the cluster around the forest industry in Finland (Rouvinen, 1996). This cluster is complete and deep (Figure 1), accounting for 25% of Finland's exports (over U.S. $ 5,000 million) 5. An examination of Figure 1 reveals that the cluster is formed around a business with a strong natural comparative advantage. In the Finnish case it counts: i) with ample reserves and forest plantations, the order of 400-600 cubic meters per capita, compared with 25-50 in the rest of the world, ii) Finnish forests are near the sea, which reduces transportation costs, and iii) forests are close to a major international market like Europe. On the other hand, unlike many of the forests of Latin America, the northern forests have a little sun, so they grow much more slowly than those of Latin America (up to 80 years compared with 15-20 here).
The multiple and important linkages with other activities that form the cluster can add much value to the extractive phase. There are important forward linkages with sophisticated processed products in four areas: i) lumber (where Finland has 40% of global timber market third); ii) timber products for construction and furniture; iii) pulp and paper, and iv) cardboard and all paper, newspapers, wrappers, toilet paper and graph paper (in the latter Finland has 25 % of world market). There
backward linkages in at least three areas of importance: i) inputs for the planting and processing stages, such as chemicals and biological agents, fillers and bleach
ii) any machinery for planting phases , harvesting, processing and papermaking
iii) engineering and consulting services, and iv) very important, programs
academics specializing in the forestry industry and biogenetic research institutes, chemical and forestry, all closely linked to the production system. In fact, the complex contains a major Finnish forest industry equipment and machinery for all phases of activities, as well as engineering and consulting services. Moreover, much of the current Finnish engineering industry linked to the forestry sector emerged and gradually became more diversified into other activities. In other words, the complex is increasingly raising the share of value added by activities that use more complex and more expertise.
Valencia Textile Cluster (Spain)
The textile sector is one of the most important of the English economy, occupying an important position within the structure of domestic manufacturing, representing 10% of industrial employment and 12.4 % of English industrial GDP. The business structure of the sector is mainly composed of SMEs, with the following features: • Small business
export
• Poor academic and business
• Low technological base
• Lack of funding versus productivity
• Control
The Clus- Textiles b Valencia is characterized by the large number of companies engaged in the textile sector, the importance of exports in foreign trade, etc.
textile Within this cluster, there are three microclusters: technical textiles, home textiles and apparel. This section focuses on the Textile-Home microcluster. In this microcluster s can be framed on the one hand, tissues with a generally industrial area of \u200b\u200buse and do not represent an item that can be used by the end user, necessitating the passage of it by an agent that will give some way to end use (furniture, curtains, etc.), and other tissues whose scope of use is usually housing. It is, therefore, textile products are generally used in the interior decoration of the rooms of the home as well as to supplement furnishing products, bed and windows, even those destined for the kitchen and bathroom, etc.
Among the various agents that make up this microcluster under review, sets out a series of relationships, which result in the creation and dissemination of new knowledge, which ultimately leads to increased competitiveness of the companies that comprise it, and microcluster itself as a whole.
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0250-71612007000100007&lng=pt&nrm =
An example of a productive complex (cluster) mature, we examine the cluster around the forest industry in Finland (Rouvinen, 1996). This cluster is complete and deep (Figure 1), accounting for 25% of Finland's exports (over U.S. $ 5,000 million) 5. An examination of Figure 1 reveals that the cluster is formed around a business with a strong natural comparative advantage. In the Finnish case it counts: i) with ample reserves and forest plantations, the order of 400-600 cubic meters per capita, compared with 25-50 in the rest of the world, ii) Finnish forests are near the sea, which reduces transportation costs, and iii) forests are close to a major international market like Europe. On the other hand, unlike many of the forests of Latin America, the northern forests have a little sun, so they grow much more slowly than those of Latin America (up to 80 years compared with 15-20 here).
The multiple and important linkages with other activities that form the cluster can add much value to the extractive phase. There are important forward linkages with sophisticated processed products in four areas: i) lumber (where Finland has 40% of global timber market third); ii) timber products for construction and furniture; iii) pulp and paper, and iv) cardboard and all paper, newspapers, wrappers, toilet paper and graph paper (in the latter Finland has 25 % of world market). There
backward linkages in at least three areas of importance: i) inputs for the planting and processing stages, such as chemicals and biological agents, fillers and bleach
ii) any machinery for planting phases , harvesting, processing and papermaking
iii) engineering and consulting services, and iv) very important, programs
academics specializing in the forestry industry and biogenetic research institutes, chemical and forestry, all closely linked to the production system. In fact, the complex contains a major Finnish forest industry equipment and machinery for all phases of activities, as well as engineering and consulting services. Moreover, much of the current Finnish engineering industry linked to the forestry sector emerged and gradually became more diversified into other activities. In other words, the complex is increasingly raising the share of value added by activities that use more complex and more expertise.
Valencia Textile Cluster (Spain)
The textile sector is one of the most important of the English economy, occupying an important position within the structure of domestic manufacturing, representing 10% of industrial employment and 12.4 % of English industrial GDP. The business structure of the sector is mainly composed of SMEs, with the following features: • Small business
export
• Poor academic and business
• Low technological base
• Lack of funding versus productivity
• Control
The Clus- Textiles b Valencia is characterized by the large number of companies engaged in the textile sector, the importance of exports in foreign trade, etc.
textile Within this cluster, there are three microclusters: technical textiles, home textiles and apparel. This section focuses on the Textile-Home microcluster. In this microcluster s can be framed on the one hand, tissues with a generally industrial area of \u200b\u200buse and do not represent an item that can be used by the end user, necessitating the passage of it by an agent that will give some way to end use (furniture, curtains, etc.), and other tissues whose scope of use is usually housing. It is, therefore, textile products are generally used in the interior decoration of the rooms of the home as well as to supplement furnishing products, bed and windows, even those destined for the kitchen and bathroom, etc.
Among the various agents that make up this microcluster under review, sets out a series of relationships, which result in the creation and dissemination of new knowledge, which ultimately leads to increased competitiveness of the companies that comprise it, and microcluster itself as a whole.
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0250-71612007000100007&lng=pt&nrm =
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